ID3 DgTIT2 ( 210504.1130: First known computer, Pt 3TPE1 Great Moments In ScienceTALB Great Moments In ScienceTCON PodcastTYER 2021TDAT 0405USLT ’ž ’žD r K a r l : G d a y , D r K a r l h e r e . I m s o k e e n t o t a l k m o r e a b o u t t h e A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m , t h e w o r l d s o l d e s t k n o w n c o m p u t e r . Y o u m i g h t r e m e m b e r m e s a y i n g t h a t i t w a s d e s i g n e d w i t h s o m e 3 0 b r o n z e g e a r s i n s i d e a w o o d e n b o x , r o u g h l y t h e s i z e o f a s h o w b o x . B u t i t w a s n t l o o k i n g i t s b e s t w h e n i t w a s b r o u g h t u p f r o m t h e o c e a n f l o o r i n t h e y e a r 1 9 0 0 . A f t e r a l l , 2 , 0 0 0 y e a r s u n d e r w a t e r w i l l c a u s e s o m e w e a r a n d t e a r . I n f a c t , i t h a d d e g r a d e d i n t o a f o r m l e s s l u m p . T h e w o o d h a d l o n g g o n e . T h e b r o n z e g e a r s h a d m o s t l y c o r r o d e d a n d w e r e c o a t e d w i t h h a r d c a l c i u m - b a s e d c h e m i c a l s f r o m t h e o c e a n . I t s a t l i k e a b r i c k , f o r a y e a r - o r - s o i n t h e a i r o f t h e m u s e u m - u n t i l t h e u g l y m e s s c r a c k e d a p a r t . S u d d e n l y , o n t h e i n s i d e , t h e r e w e r e u n e x p e c t e d m e t a l g e a r s v i s i b l e . W e d i d n t k n o w w h e r e i t c a m e f r o m , o r w h a t i t w a s m e a n t t o d o . B u t b y 1 9 0 2 p e o p l e w e r e s p e c u l a t i n g i t m i g h t b e a n a s t r o l a b e . W h a t i s a n a s t r o l a b e , y o u s a y ? W e l l , a n a s t r o l a b e i s a h a n d h e l d i n s t r u m e n t , t h a t c a n i d e n t i f y s t a r s o r p l a n e t s , m e a s u r e l o c a l l a t i t u d e , a n d m o r e . A s t r o l a b e s w e r e b u i l t f r o m a r o u n d 2 0 0 B C s o t i m e w i s e , t h e A n t i k y t h e r a m e c h a n i s m c o u l d p o s s i b l y h a v e b e e n a n a s t r o l a b e . B u t i t w a s n t i t w a s s o m u c h m o r e . B y a r o u n d 1 9 5 0 i t w a s a l l c l e a n e d a n d r e s t o r e d a n d s t u d i e d b u t m o s t l y o n t h e o u t s i d e . B y 1 9 5 9 s c h o l a r s w e r e p r o p o s i n g i t c o u l d b e a c o m p u t e r b u t t h e y d i d n t k n o w w h a t w a s i n s i d e . W i t h i n c r e a s i n g l y s e n s i t i v e s c a n n i n g m e t h o d s l i k e g a m m a - r a d i o g r a p h s , t h e n f i n e X - r a d i o g r a p h s r i g h t u p t o M i c r o f o c u s C T - s c a n s t h e y d i s c o v e r e d t h e 3 0 - o r - s o g e a r s . T h e g e a r s w e r e m a d e f r o m t h i n s h e e t s o f b r o n z e ( b r o n z e i s a n a l l o y o f a b o u t 9 6 % c o p p e r w i t h a b o u t 4 % t i n ) . T h e A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m a l s o s e e m s t o h a v e u s e d t h e f i r s t k n o w n d i f f e r e n t i a l g e a r . I f y o u d r i v e a c a r , y o u v e p r o b a b l y h e a r d o f a d i f f . T h e d i f f , o r d i f f e r e n t i a l i s t h a t b i g l u m p y t h i n g , t h e s i z e o f a b a s k e t b a l l , o n t h e a x l e j o i n i n g t h e w h e e l s . W h e n y o u d r i v e a r o u n d a c o r n e r , t h e p o w e r f r o m t h e e n g i n e g o e s t o t h e d i f f . T h e d i f f l e t s t h e i n n e r w h e e l m a k e f e w e r r o t a t i o n s t h a n t h e o u t e r w h e e l w h i l e s t i l l s e n d i n g p o w e r t o b o t h w h e e l s . A n d y e s , m y f r i e n d , t h e A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m h a d t h e f i r s t k n o w n d i f f . A b s o l u t e l y a m a z i n g ! N o t h i n g a p p r o a c h i n g t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m w a s b u i l t u n t i l w e l l a f t e r t h e I s l a m i c s c i e n t i s t s a n d i n s t r u m e n t m a k e r s a r o s e a r o u n d 1 0 0 0 A D . A r o u n d t h e n t h a t t h e g r e a t I s l a m i c s c i e n t i s t , a l - B i r u n i , d e s i g n e d a m u c h s i m p l e r g e a r e d s o l a r a n d l u n a r c a l e n d a r c o m p u t e r . F o r g e t E u r o p e b a c k t h e n i t s t i l l l a n g u i s h e d i n t h e M e d i e v a l D a r k A g e s . I t t o o k a n o t h e r 3 0 0 y e a r s b e f o r e t h e E u r o p e a n s b e g a n t h e y e v e n s t a r t e d m a k i n g c l o c k s a n d f i n e s c i e n t i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s . W e h a v e a b s o l u t e l y n o i d e a a s t o w h o b u i l t t h e A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m . M a n y n a m e s h a v e b e e n p u t f o r w a r d i n o t h e r w o r d s , l o t s o f g u e s s i n g . T h e R o m a n w r i t e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n , C i c e r o , w h o l i v e d f r o m 1 0 6 t o 4 3 B C , w r o t e a b o u t a s i m i l a r , b u t m o r e p r i m i t i v e d e v i c e , t h a t e x i s t e d a b o u t a c e n t u r y b e f o r e h i m . O n e w a s a m e c h a n i c a l d e v i c e , t a k e n a f t e r t h e d e a t h o f t h e G r e e k t h i n k e r a n d a s t r o n o m e r , A r c h i m e d e s , i n 2 1 2 B C . A p p a r e n t l y , t h i s d e v i c e c o u l d s h o w t h e m o t i o n s o f t h e S u n , t h e M o o n a n d t h e f i v e p l a n e t s . B u t w h i l e w e h a v e C i c e r o s w r i t i n g s , w e o n l y h a v e w o r d s ; w e h a v e n o m a c h i n e s . T h i s A n t i k y t h e r a M e c h a n i s m i s s o c o m p l e x t h a t i t h a d t o h a v e b e e n e v o l v e d f r o m s i m p l e r m a c h i n e s i t c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a o n e - o f f . W e h a v e n o i d e a h o w t h e a n c i e n t s c i e n t i s t s m a d e s o m e t h i n g s o a d v a n c e d t h a t n o t h i n g l i k e i t w a s b u i l t f o r 1 , 5 0 0 y e a r s . W e a l s o d o n t k n o w w h o u s e d i t , a n d w h y . W a s i t u s e d f o r n a v i g a t i o n , o r a s t r o n o m y , o r a t e a c h i n g t o o l o r w a s i t j u s t a t o y ? T h e s c i e n c e b e h i n d t h i s d e v i c e w a s a c t u a l l y f a r i n a d v a n c e o f t h e m e c h a n i c a l a n d e n g i n e e r i n g p r e c i s i o n o f i t s m a n u f a c t u r i n g m e a n i n g s o i t w a s a g r e a t i d e a , b u t i t w a s l e t d o w n b y t h e e x e c u t i o n , g i v e n t h e p r i m i t i v e e n g i n e e r i n g o f t h e d a y . S o w h a t w e h a v e i s a m a r v e l l o u s m y s t e r y , l i k e a p e a r l f r o m t h e s e a . WCOP # http://www.abc.net.au/copyright.htmWOAF V http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/greatmomentsinscience/2021-05-04/13323024WPUB # http://www.abc.net.au/radionationalTLAN engTPUB 5 Radio National (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)COMM 5 eng Dr Karl still has more to tell us about the first known computer - this week it's Part 3. After its discovery it took a little while to clean up - and for the conservators to see what was on the inside. They still didn't know what it was meant to do. presenter: Dr Karl Kruszelnicki; producer: Diane DeanTPE2 Radio NationalTCOP ) 2021 Australian Broadcasting CorporationTFLT audio/mp3TLEN 377000 ’ū“d Info =e % !$&)+.0468;=@BEGKMORTWY\^adgiknpsux{~ ”£¦Ø¬®±³µøŗ½æĀÅČŹĶĻŃŌÖŁŪßįäęčėķšņöųūż :LAME3.98rŗ 4Ą$@ Ą %1/o ’ū“d š i ¤ 4 LAME3.98.2UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU @@$IĄ@ ¦vØ8|Ü)pĻ”ņDĪ ĆsFB±°f|Ń£-(cßś` c¬R$š OģÖb:Ća0ņ5’ż£Xh: `?’Ń303"B.{’’Ķ Źē¹ŖfęĘæ’’ł>Č&.oLĮ’’’’’’’’śr¹q Ą $ Bmš3”@ÜńÖWąbpč&*ü dZÕ:Æš0pHT P?ž:`9å°é’ü¾|iæ’üĄņs’č(ŠÓ’åÜhē’Ż |æ’’’ž~Ńąš|<` šĄ Ø ńQņńśQ(Į4YøŁt q ® ¹ĘFy é©LVŃ£j%&“”Ŗy Y£6Ŗ/@ńĆIQ(ܦAHĘOĮąM±%±| ±Ū?’ū“dĪ ž@~RĄdĒXoŹT *!'-¹’ Ę¢g·; y&)ą ĮH)H8Š-@Ą°APt@4Ą\K